Comprehensive guide to Class 11 Chemistry Thermodynamics: covering laws, energy changes, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, spontaneity, and system-surroundings concepts with visuals
Thermodynamics – Class 11 Chemistry Chapter Overview Thermodynamics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of energy changes, particularly heat and work, during chemical and physical processes. It helps us understand why reactions occur, whether energy is absorbed or released, and how energy is conserved. Key Concepts in Thermodynamics 1. System and Surroundings System: The part of the universe under study (e.g., reactants and products). Surroundings: Everything outside the system. 2. Types of Systems Open system: Exchange of both matter and energy (e.g., an open container of water). Closed system: Exchange of energy only, not matter (e.g., a sealed container). Isolated system: No exchange of matter or energy (e.g., a thermos flask). Important Terms Internal Energy (U): Total energy contained in a system. Heat (q): Energy transferred due to temperature difference. Work (w): Energy used to move objects or expand gases. 3. Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics ...